be caused by

• The effect is caused by the escape of electrons from the hot filament .
  这个效应是由于电子从热灯丝逸出而引起的。
• These lesions are caused by absorption of enough gas to kill the tissue .
  造成这些侵蚀斑的原因是所吸收的气体量足够杀死组织。
• The pressure is caused by the bombardment of the container walls by these particles .
  气体的压强是由这些粒子对容器壁的撞击造成的。
• Tremors are caused by p and s shock waves and are also called preliminary tremors .
  地动是由P冲击波和S冲击波引起的，也称为初期微震。
• Ground water is lowered by the drainage which can be caused by any deep excavation .
  任何一种深的挖方都能造成排水现象从而使地下水位降低。
• Primary gastritis may be caused by the ingestion of caustic or irritating chemicals .
  由于采食有腐蚀性或有刺激性化学物质而引起原发性胃炎。
• A typical problem is caused by the ragged edges of the holes, or by dirt on the tape .
  一个常见的问题是由孔的边缘不整齐或者纸带不干净所引起的。
• Faults can be ranged into two principal types which are caused by either tension or compression .
  断层可分为两种主要类型，即张力断层和挤压断层。
• Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis may be caused by etiolation, mutant blocks, or streptomycin .
  叶绿素合成可以由黄化、突变性阻塞或链霉素而引起。